坚持学习英语，每周凌晨完成5篇The Economist 推送第10篇
翻译自The Economist February 1st 2020 Finance & economics
仅做英语学习用途
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For those seeking to help the worst-off in poor countries, the mobile phone has been a magic wand.
对于那些想要帮助贫穷国家中最贫穷者的人来说，手机就像一根魔杖。
Mobile-money accounts have helped deliver "financial inclusion"—
移动货币账户帮助实现了“普惠金融”——
making financial services accessible to the tens of millions with a phone but no bank account. But they have downsides too.
使数千万没有银行账户的手机用户可以使用金融服务。但它们也有缺点。
The most obvious way digital financial services harm poor people is by laying them more open to fraud.
数字金融服务伤害穷人最明显的方式就是让他们更容易遭受欺诈。
Research from 2016 cited in a new report by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP),
扶贫协商小组（CGAP）——
a consortium of donors affiliated to the World Bank,
世界银行下属的一个捐赠财团，
found that in the Philippines 83% of people surveyed had been targets of mobile-phone scams, with 17% losing money.
发现在菲律宾，83%的受访者曾是手机诈骗的目标，其中17%遭受了损失。
In Tanzania, 27% had been targeted and 17% fleeced; in Ghana, 56% and 12%.
在坦桑尼亚，27%的人被盯上，17%被敲诈；在加纳，占比分别为56%和12%。
For the most basic deceptions, a thief needs only a phone number.
对于最基本的欺骗而言，小偷只需要一个电话号码。
A text message might offer congratulations on winning a prize, requiring only a small contribution to unlock it.
一条短信可能祝贺你中奖，而你只需要出一点钱就可以解锁奖励。
Your identity might be stolen to make you responsible for repaying a loan disbursed to somebody else.
你的身份可能会遭到盗窃以让你负责偿还别人的贷款。
An impersonator might steal your mobile-money account when registering a new SIM card.
冒名顶替者可能会在你注册新SIM卡时盗取你的移动货币账户。
Or your account's security code— the PIN—might be leaked by a mobile-money agent
或者你的账户安全码（PIN码）可能会被移动货币代理泄露
(one of the millions of small traders whose business includes turning mobile money into hard cash).
（货币代理是数百万个小型交易商之一，他们的业务包括将移动货币转化为现金）。
The poor may be especially susceptible to such scams.
穷人可能特别容易受到这种骗局的影响。
They are more likely to be relatively new both to the online world and to formal financial services.
他们可能会网络世界和正规金融服务相对了解较少。
And they are less likely to have smartphones with sophisticated security software.
并且他们也不太可能拥有装有复杂安全软件的智能手机。
It is not just money that can be stolen. So too can all the other data stored on a phone.
被偷走的不仅仅是钱。储存在手机上的所有其他数据都会被偷走。
Often, however, much has already been given away freely by its owners.
然而，通常情况下，很多东西已经被它的主人免费赠送出去了。
Many "free" apps are in fact paid for in customer data.
很多“免费的”应用实际上是以客户数据换取的。
In every country people gaily sign away their rights to privacy by clicking consent buttons
在每个国家，人们在没有理解甚至没有阅读同意协议的情况下，
without having understood or even read what they are agreeing to.
通过点击同意按钮愉快地签字放弃了他们的隐私权。
Indeed, in financial services the implicit sale of personal data is seen as a way in which the poor can be "levelled up".
确实，在金融服务业，隐性出售个人数据被视为“拉平”穷人的一种方式。
With low, unreliable incomes and few assets, they have been unable to borrow formally.
由于收入低、不可靠、资产少，他们一直无法正常借款。
Now lenders are learning to rely on other data to make credit judgments, notably payment records,
现在，贷款方正在学习依靠其他数据来做出信用判断，尤其是支付记录，
such as from a mobile-money account, which can show a history of reliability.
比如移动货币账户，它可以显示可靠性的历史。
But such data can also be abused. Predatory lenders and vendors might learn when a costly loan or product would be hard to refuse.
但这些数据也可能被滥用。当一笔昂贵的贷款或产品难以拒绝时，掠夺性的贷款方和供应商可能会从中吸取教训。
Or an algorithm might (by design or accident) be biased against certain borrowers because, say, of their race or creed.
或者某种算法可能（出于故意或偶然）对某些借款人有偏见，因为他们的种族或信仰。
CGAP makes three policy recommendations. The first is to accept that the "consumer-consent" model is irretrievably broken,
CGAP提出了三项政策建议。首先，要接受“消费者同意”模式已经不可挽回地被打破的事实，
and to put the onus for looking after the data on the service-provider.
并将管理数据的责任推给服务提供商。
The second is to give consumers full legal rights over their data, allowing them to view, correct and move them without charge.
第二，赋予消费者对其数据的完全合法权利，允许他们免费查看、更正和移动数据。
The third is to appoint "privacy representatives", who, among other tasks, would check algorithms for signs of bias.
第三是任命“隐私代表”，他们的任务之一就是检查算法是否存在偏见。
Many countries, from America to India, are looking at improving data-protection regulation.
很多国家，如美国和印度，都在考虑改善数据保护法规。
But CGAP's suggestions seem very ambitious. "Free" financial services,
但是CGAP的建议似乎很有野心。“免费”金融服务
such as those offered already by the Chinese giants, Ant Financial and WeChat, have an obvious appeal.
如蚂蚁金服和微信等中国巨头推出的产品，显然具有吸引力。
It is often assumed that the poor are relaxed about surrendering some privacy in return for access to borrowing and other services.
人们通常认为，穷人不介意为了获得贷款和其他服务而放弃一些隐私。
In fact, concern about privacy is not a preserve of the rich.
事实上，关注隐私不是富人的专利。
Research in India and Kenya has shown that even very poor borrowers would be willing to pay a higher interest rate—
印度和肯尼亚的研究表明即便是非常贫穷的借款人都愿意支付更高的利率——
or join a much slower queue—for a loan that came with more guarantees
或是排长队——获取更有保障的贷款
that the data provided to the lender would be kept private.
并且向贷款人提供的数据将被保密。
Persuading the tech giants that improved data security for the poor is in their business interests might be the best hope.
让科技巨头相信，改善穷人的数据安全符合他们的商业利益，或许是最好的希望。
But that will take a lot more work.
但这将需要更多的努力。
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