试答,希望小社区前辈们多多指点。
时间上讲,的确Plymoth不是英国人在美国建立的第一个殖民地。在Plymoth之前,Chesapeake和Jamestown就已经存在。不过,题主的问题强调:在宣传美国的文明史时候,普遍把1620五月花号的登陆作为开端,甚至好多人,包括我,都以为那时英国殖民美国的开始 重点在于“文明史”。
以Chesapeake和Jamestown为例,这两个殖民地的开发和建立都是有joint-stock company出资完成,其最根本的目的是获取利润,这两个殖民地,从文化的角度,并没有为后来的美国带来巨大的影响。
而Mayflower号和其建立的Plymoth则不同,不同之处主要体现在以下几个方面:
- Mayflower上的人不远万里来到美洲大陆,主要是宗教原因,而不是为了获得利润。这个角度上讲,更符合题主提到的“文明史的开端”。
- 这些Mayflower上的人多是因为在英国受到宗教迫害,而不得不离开英国。通常来说,一个家庭的宗教信仰多是相同的,因此这些人多是举家来到美洲大陆,而不像Chesapeake和Jamestown一样,以男性青壮年为主,相比之下,这种以家庭为单位的社会相对更稳定更和谐。
- 还有很重要的一点是所谓的“Mayflower Compact”
In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, etc.
Having undertaken, for the Glory of God, and advancements of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God, and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic; for our better ordering, and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.
In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, 1620. 请注意加粗的部分,这些船上的人到美洲大陆时并没有英国皇家的的许可,于是他们签订了这样一个公约来自我管理。引用一句教科书上的话来显示这个公约的重要性:Their decision to make political decisions based upon the will of the people established an important precedent for government in the British colonies. 这个公约对后来的美国有着深远的影响,而在Mayflower之前的其他以赚钱为主的殖民地是没有这样的公约的,因此,从文明的角度来说,把Mayflower号看做文明的开端不无道理。 |