LinuxµÚ¶þ¹ØÁ·Ï°Ìâ

µÚ1ÕÂ PATH

1.1 PATH ´æ·ÅµÄÊÇlinuxÏÂÃüÁîµÄ·¾¶（λÖÃ）

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# echo $PATH

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

1.2 linuxÆô¶¯¹ý³Ì

¿ª»ú×Ô¼ì（BIOS）

MBRÒýµ¼

GRUB²Ëµ¥

¼ÓÔØÄÚºË

ÔËÐÐinit½ø³Ì

¶ÁÈ¡/etc/inittabÅäÖÃÎļþ

Ö´ÐÐ/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit½Å±¾

Ö´ÐÐ/etc/rc.d/rc½Å±¾

Æô¶¯mingetty½ø³Ì

1.3 linuxÖ´ÐÐÃüÁî¹ý³Ì

1.ÊÇ·ñÊDZðÃû

2.ÔÚPATHÖÐÕÒÃüÁîÊÇ·ñ´æÔÚ

1).Ìáʾ

command not found

2).Ö´ÐÐ

ʵÀý1-1 ÈçºÎ¹ýÂ˳öÒÑÖªµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼ÏÂoldboyÖеÄËùÓÐÒ»¼¶Ä¿Â¼(Ìáʾ:²»°üº¬oldboyĿ¼ÏÂÃæĿ¼µÄ×ÓĿ¼¼°Òþ²ØĿ¼，¼´Ö»ÄÜÊǵÚÒ»¼¶Ä¿Â¼)？

mkdir /oldboy -p

cd /oldboy

mkdir ext/oldboy test xiaodong xiaofan xingfujie -p

touch jeacen oldboy wodi.gz yingsui.gz

·½·¨1-tree

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tree -dL 1

.

©À©¤©¤ ext

©À©¤©¤ test

©À©¤©¤ xiaodong

©À©¤©¤ xiaofan

©¸©¤©¤ xingfujie

5 directories

·½·¨2-find

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find -maxdepth 1 -type d

.

./xiaodong

./xiaofan

./test

./ext

./xingfujie

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find -maxdepth 1 -type d -name "."

.

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find -maxdepth 1 -type d ! -name "."

./xiaodong

./xiaofan

./test

./ext

./xingfujie

·½·¨3 d¿ªÍ·µÄ

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ll |grep "^d"

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 ext

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 19:24 test

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaodong

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaofan

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xingfujie

·½·¨4 µÚ2ÁдóÓÚ1

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ll |awk '$2>1'

total 40

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 ext

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 19:24 test

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaodong

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaofan

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xingfujie

·½·¨5 ls

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ls -F

alex.txt jeacen oldboy.txt test.sh t.sh.bak xiaodong/ xingfujie/

ext/ oldboy test/ t.sh wodi.gz xiaofan/ yingsui.gz

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# #-F ²»Í¬ÀàÐ͵ÄÎļþ ¼ÓÉϲ»Í¬µÄ±ê¼Ç Ŀ¼/

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ls -F |grep "/"

ext/

test/

xiaodong/

xiaofan/

xingfujie/

·½·¨6 *Ŀ¼±ê¼Ç

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ls -ld */

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 ext/

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 19:24 test/

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaodong/

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaofan/

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xingfujie/

ʵÀý1-2 /etc/Ŀ¼ΪlinuxϵͳµÄĬÈϵÄÅäÖÃÎļþ¼°·þÎñÆô¶¯ÃüÁîµÄĿ¼

a. ÇëÓÃtar´ò°ü/etcÕû¸öĿ¼（´ò°ü¼°Ñ¹Ëõ）¡£

b. ÇëÓÃtar´ò°ü/etcÕû¸öĿ¼（´ò°ü¼°Ñ¹Ëõ，µ«ÐèÒªÅųý/etc/servicesÎļþ）¡£

c. Çë°ÑaµãÃüÁîµÄѹËõ°ü，½âѹµ½/tmpÖ¸¶¨Ä¿Â¼ÏÂ（×îºÃÖ»ÓÃtarÃüÁîʵÏÖ）¡£

1.´´½¨Ñ¹Ëõ°ü

tar zcvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc/

#z gzip ͨ¹ýgzip Èí¼þѹËõ

#c create ´´½¨°ü

#v verbose ÏÔʾ¹ý³Ì

#f file Ö¸¶¨Îļþ

2.²é¿´Ñ¹Ëõ°üÄÚÈÝ

tar ztf /tmp/etc.tar.gz

#t list ÏÔʾѹËõ°üÄÚÈÝ

3.½âѹ

tar zxf etc.tar.gz

#x extract ½âѹ

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# ll /tmp/etc.tar.gz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9734648 Jul 20 01:41 /tmp/etc.tar.gz

½âѹµ½/opt

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar xf /tmp/etc.tar.gz -C /opt/

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# ll /opt/

total 12

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 11 01:16 data

drwxr-xr-x 78 root root 4096 Jul 19 20:43 etc

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 26 2015 rh

b.ÇëÓÃtar´ò°ü/etcÕû¸öĿ¼（´ò°ü¼°Ñ¹Ëõ，µ«ÐèÒªÅųý/etc/servicesÎļþ）¡£

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar zcf /tmp/etc-pai.tar.gz /etc/ --exclude /etc/services

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc-pai.tar.gz |grep services

etc/init/readahead-disable-services.conf

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc.tar.gz |grep services

etc/init/readahead-disable-services.conf

etc/services

tar zcf /tmp/etc-pai.tar.gz /etc/ --exclude /etc/services

tarÃüÁî¾­µä¹ÊÕÏ

Removing leading `/' from member names

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tar zcf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc/

tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

°ÑѹËõ°üÖеĿªÍ·µÄ/(¸ù)ɾ³ýµô

±³ºó¹ý³Ì：

´ò°üѹËõ¹ý³ÌÖÐ Îļþ»òĿ¼ ¾ø¶Ô·¾¶---->Ïà¶Ô·¾¶

´ò°üµÄʱºò：

/etc/host

/etc/profile

ѹËõ°üÖÐÑù×Ó

etc/host

etc/profile

Õâ¸öÌáʾԭÒò: ·ÀÖ¹½âѹµÄʱºò¸²¸ÇÔ´Îļþ¡£

ʵÀý1-3 ¼ÙÈ統ǰĿ¼ÊÇ/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

cd - ½øÈëµ½ÉÏÒ»´ÎËùÔÚµÄλÖÃ

An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD.

cd - === cd $OLDPWD

cd . ½øÈ뵱ǰĿ¼

cd .. ½øÈëÉÏÒ»¼¶Ä¿Â¼

cd ~ ½øÈ뵱ǰĿ¼µÄ¼ÒĿ¼

ʵÀý1-4 °´ÕÕʱ¼ä˳Ðò²é¿´Îļþ

ls -lrt

#-r ÄæÐò

#-t °´ÕÕÐÞ¸Äʱ¼ä

µ÷ÊÔϵͳ·þÎñʱ，Ï£ÍûÄÜʵʱ²é¿´ÏµÍ³ÈÕÖ¾/var/log/secureµÄ¸üÐÂ,ÈçºÎ×ö？

-F == -f --try Èç¹ûÎļþ²»´æÔÚ »á²»¶ÏÖØÊÔ

tail -f /var/log/secure

[root@oldboy50-01 ~]# ll -t

total 52

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10 Jul 17 04:28 oldboy.log

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 56 Jul 16 18:42 *.sh

drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jul 15 01:48 oldboy

-rw-------. 1 root root 1160 Jul 14 23:41 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21736 Jul 14 23:41 install.log

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5890 Jul 14 23:38 install.log.syslog

ʵÀý1-5 ´òÓ¡ÅäÖÃÎļþnginx.confÄÚÈݵÄÐкż°ÄÚÈÝ，¸ÃÈçºÎ×ö？

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# #{1..5} Éú³ÉÐòÁÐ

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo {1..10}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo {01..10}

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo stu{01..10} |xargs -n1

stu01

stu02

stu03

stu04

stu05

stu06

stu07

stu08

stu09

stu10

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo stu{01..10} |xargs -n1 >nginx.conf

·½·¨1 cat

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cat -n nginx.conf

1 stu01

2 stu02

3 stu03

4 stu04

5 stu05

6 stu06

7 stu07

8 stu08

9 stu09

10 stu10

·½·¨2 vim

:set nu #ÏÔʾÐкÅ

:set nonu #È¡ÏûÏÔʾÐкÅ

·½·¨3 awk

ÏÔʾijһÁÐ

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# awk '{print NR,$1}' /oldboy/nginx.conf

1 stu01

2 stu02

3 stu03

4 stu04

5 stu05

6 stu06

7 stu07

8 stu08

9 stu09

10 stu10

ÏÔʾ/proc/mounts ÎļþµÄÐкź͵Ú1Áк͵Ú3ÁÐ

awk '{print NR,$1,$3}' /proc/mounts

·½·¨4 grep -n

grep -n "." nginx.conf

. ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ ÈÎÒâÒ»¸ö×Ö·û

-n ÏÔʾÐкÅ

·½·¨5 nl

number of lines

nl nginx.conf

·½·¨6 sed

= ÏÔʾÐкÅ

ʵÀý1-6 ÒÑÖªnginx·þÎñµÄ·ÃÎÊÈÕÖ¾°´Ìì¼Ç¼ÔÚ·þÎñÆ÷±¾µØĿ¼/app/logsÏÂ，ÓÉÓÚ´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼ä½ôÕÅ，ÏÖÔÚÒªÇóÖ»Äܱ£Áô×î½ü7Ìì·ÃÎÊÈÕÖ¾！ÇëÎÊÈçºÎ½â¾ö？ Çë¸ø³ö½â¾ö°ì·¨»òÅäÖûò´¦ÀíÃüÁî¡£

mkdir -p /app/logs

cd /app/logs

for time in {01..20};do date -s "201805$time"; touch access_www_$(date +%F).log ;done

date -s "20180520 00:00:00" date ÏÔʾʱ¼ä ÐÞ¸Äʱ¼ä

-mtime modify time ÐÞ¸Äʱ¼ä

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /app/logs]# find -mtime +7|xargs ls -l

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 1 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-01.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 2 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-02.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 3 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-03.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 4 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-04.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 5 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-05.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 6 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-06.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 7 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-07.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 8 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-08.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 9 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-09.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-10.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 11 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-11.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 12 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-12.log

ʵÀý1-7 ÕÒ³ö/app/logs ÏÂÃæÒÔ.log½áβµÄ7Ìì֮ǰµÄÎļþ ÏÔʾÏêϸÐÅÏ¢(ls -l) (3ÖÖ·½·¨)

find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7

·½·¨1

find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7|xargs ls -l

·½·¨2

ls -l $(find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7)

ls -l `find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7`

·½·¨3

find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7 -exec ls -l {} \;

ʵÀý1-8 linuxϵͳÔËÐ춱ðÒ»°ãΪ0-6，Çë·Ö±ðд³öÿ¸ö¼¶±ðµÄº¬Òå¡£

1) 0-6

2)

runlevel

3)

init

ʵÀý1-9 ×°Íêϵͳºó，Ï£ÍûÈÃÍøÂçÎļþ¹²Ïí·þÎñNFS(iptables)，½öÔÚ3¼¶±ðÉÏ¿ª»ú×ÔÆô¶¯，¸ÃÈçºÎ×ö？

ÈÃiptables¿ª»ú×ÔÆô¶¯？

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# chkconfig --level 3 iptables on

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# chkconfig |grep ipt

iptables 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off

ʵÀý1-10 10 linuxϵͳÖв鿴ÖÐÎÄ，µ«ÊÇÂÒÂëÁË，ÇëÎÊÈçºÎ½â¾öÂÒÂëÎÊÌâ？

ÂÒÂëÔ­Òò：

ÈçºÎÅŲé：

ÈçºÎ½â¾ö：

ʵÀý1-11 ÒÑÖªÈçÏÂÃüÁî¼°½á¹û：

[oldboy@test ~]$ mkdir /oldboy ; echo "I am oldboy,myqq is 31333741">/oldboy/oldboy.txt

[oldboy@test ~]$ cat oldboy.txt

I am oldboy,myqq is 31333741

a．ÏÖÔÚÐèÒª´ÓÎļþÖйýÂ˳ö¡°oldboy¡±ºÍ¡°31333741¡±×Ö·û´®，Çë¸ø³öÃüÁî.

b．Èç¹ûÐèÒª´ÓÎļþÖйýÂ˳ö¡°oldboy,31333741¡±×Ö·û´®，ÇëÔÙ¸ø³öÃüÁî.

·½·¨1 sed+awk

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#,# #g' oldboy.txt

I am oldboy myqq is 31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#,# #g' oldboy.txt |awk '{print $3,$6}'

oldboy 31333741

·½·¨2 tr+awk

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txt

I am oldboy myqq is 31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txt |awk '{print $3,$6}'

oldboy 31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo 123123|tr "123" "abc"

abcabc

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo 112233|tr "123" "abc"

aabbcc

·½·¨3 tr+cut

tr 1¶Ô1µÄÌæ»»

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cut -d " " -f2,3,4 oldboy.txt

am oldboy,myqq is

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cut -d " " -f2-5 oldboy.txt

am oldboy,myqq is 31333741

-d Ö¸¶¨·Ö¸ô·û（²Ëµ¶）

-f ijһÁÐ

a．ÏÖÔÚÐèÒª´ÓÎļþÖйýÂ˳ö¡°oldboy¡±ºÍ¡°31333741¡±×Ö·û´®，Çë¸ø³öÃüÁî.

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txt

I am oldboy myqq is 31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txt |cut -d " " -f3,6

oldboy 31333741

·½·¨4 awk

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cat oldboy.txt

I am oldboy,myqq is 31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F "," '{print $2}' oldboy.txt

myqq is 31333741

#-F Ö¸¶¨·Ö¸ô·û（²Ëµ¶）

#-FÖ¸¶¨¶à¸ö·Ö¸ô·û

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F "[, ]" '{print $3}' oldboy.txt

oldboy

·½·¨5 sed sed

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# caʱt oldboy.txt

I am oldboy,myqq is 31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#I am ##g' oldboy.txt

oldboy,myqq is 31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#I am ##g' oldboy.txt |sed 's#,myqq is##g'

oldboy 31333741

b．Èç¹ûÐèÒª´ÓÎļþÖйýÂ˳ö¡°oldboy,31333741¡±×Ö·û´®，ÇëÔÙ¸ø³öÃüÁî.

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F"[ ,]" '{print $3"*_*"$NF}' oldboy.txt

oldboy*_*31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F"[ ,]" '{print $3":)"$NF}' oldboy.txt

oldboy:)31333741

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F"[ ,]" '{print $3","$NF}' oldboy.txt

oldboy,31333741

ʵÀý1-12 ÏÔʾ /etc/passwd µÚ1Áк͵Ú3ÁÐÄÚÈÝ ÒªÇó¸ñʽÏÔʾΪ:

USER:µÚ1ÁÐÄÚÈÝ UID:µÚ3ÁÐÄÚÈÝ

USER:µÚ1ÁÐÄÚÈÝ UID:µÚ3ÁÐÄÚÈÝ

USER:µÚ1ÁÐÄÚÈÝ UID:µÚ3ÁÐÄÚÈÝ

USER:µÚ1ÁÐÄÚÈÝ UID:µÚ3ÁÐÄÚÈÝ

USER:µÚ1ÁÐÄÚÈÝ UID:µÚ3ÁÐÄÚÈÝ

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F":" '{print "USER:"$1,"UID:"$3}' /etc/passwd

USER:root UID:0

USER:bin UID:1

USER:daemon UID:2

USER:adm UID:3

USER:lp UID:4

USER:sync UID:5

ÕûÆëÏÔʾ

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F":" '{print "USER:"$1,"UID:"$3}' /etc/passwd|column -t

USER:root UID:0

USER:bin UID:1

USER:daemon UID:2

USER:adm UID:3

USER:lp UID:4

ʵÀý1-13 ÈçºÎ²é¿´/etc/servicesÎļþµÄÓжàÉÙÐÐ？

ÏÔʾÐкŠֻ±£Áô×îºóÒ»ÐÐ

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# wc /etc/services

10774 58108 641020 /etc/services

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# wc -l /etc/services

10774 /etc/services

ͳ¼Æ×ÜÊý

ͳ¼Æ³ö /etcĿ¼ÏÂÃæ ÒÔ.conf½áβµÄÎļþµÄÊýÁ¿

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find /etc/ -type f -name "*.conf" | wc -l

195

ʵÀý1-14 ¹ýÂ˳ö/etc/services Îļþ°üº¬3306»ò1521Á½Êý×ÖËùÔÚµÄÐеÄÄÚÈÝ¡£

egrep "3306»ò1521" /etc/services

egrep "3306|1521" /etc/services

mysql 3306/tcp # MySQL

mysql 3306/udp # MySQL

ncube-lm 1521/tcp # nCube License Manager

ncube-lm 1521/udp # nCube License Manager

| À©Õ¹ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ egrep == grep -E

µÚ2Õ vmware ¾­µä¹ÊÕÏ：

¸ÃÐéÄâ»úËƺõÕýÔÚʹÓÃÖС£

Èç¹û¸ÃÐéÄâ»úδÔÚʹÓÃ，Çë°´¡°»ñÈ¡ËùÓÐȨ(T)¡±°´Å¥»ñÈ¡ËüµÄËùÓÐȨ¡£·ñÔò，Çë°´¡°È¡Ïû(C)¡±°´Å¥ÒÔ·ÀË𻵡£

ÅäÖÃÎļþ: G:\VMware\Ä£°å»ú01\ÀÏÄк¢½ÌÓý50ÆÚ-Ä£°å»ú01.vmx¡£

·½·¨1.ÖØÆô¼ÆËã»ú

·½·¨2.ͨ¹ýeverything ËÑË÷ .lck ɾ³ý ÐéÄâ»úÃû³Æ.lck Ŀ¼ ÖØÆôvmware

תÔØÓÚ:https://blog.51cto.com/13858927/2149567