Django学习笔记-01 搭建投票网站

Django学习笔记-01 搭建投票网站

1. 准备阶段

# 1. 安装Django
pip3 install Django

# 查看django版本
python -m django --version
2.0.5

# 2. 创建投票应用
django-admin startproject mysite
cd mysite
python manage.py startapp polls

2. 配置Django

2.1 编辑mysite/setting.py配置应用；

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
]

# LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh_Hans'

# TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

2.2 配置数据库
Python自带SQLite3数据库，Django默认使用SQLite3数据库，如果使用其它数据库请在mysite/settings.py文件中设置。

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
    }
}

2.3 配置完成后创建数据

# 创建数据库
python manage.py makemigrations

# 同步数据
python manage.py migrate

# 创建超级管理员账号
python manage.py createsuperuser

2.4 启动应用，访问后台

# python manage.py runserver 192.168.0.8:8000
# 指定IP和端口需要修改setting.py,修改为ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
python manage.py runserver

通过浏览器访问：http://127.0.0.1:8000

3.设计数据库模型

编辑mysite/polls/model.py文件

from django.db import models
import datetime
from django.utils import timezone


# Create your models here.
class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=256)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text

    def was_published_recently(self):
        now = timezone.now()
        return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now

    was_published_recently.admin_order_field = 'pub_date'
    was_published_recently.boolean = True
    was_published_recently.short_description = 'Published recently?'


class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=256)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.choice_text

再次执行数据库同步

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

4.后台管理

编辑mysite/polls/admin.py文件

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Question, Choice


# Register your models here.
class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3


class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    search_fields = ['question_text']
    list_filter = ['pub_date']
    list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')
    fieldsets = [
        (None,               {'fields': ['question_text']}),
        ('Date information', {'fields': ['pub_date'], 'classes': ['collapse']}),
    ]
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]


admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

启动应用，登陆后台管理界面，发布投票问题

5.编辑模板

在mysite/polls目录下创建templates/polls/目录
新建base.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <!-- 上述3个meta标签*必须*放在最前面，任何其他内容都*必须*跟随其后！ -->
    <meta name="description" content="">
    <meta name="author" content="">
    <!-- Block Title -->
    <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

    <!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
    <link href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

    <!-- Custom styles for this template -->
    <link href="starter-template.css" rel="stylesheet">

  </head>

  <body>

    <nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
      <div class="container">
        <div class="navbar-header">
          <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar"
                  aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
            <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
          </button>
          <a class="navbar-brand" href="/blog">Home</a>
        </div>
        <div id="navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
            <li class="active"><a href="/admin">Admin</a></li>
            <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
            <li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
          </ul>
        </div><!--/.nav-collapse -->
      </div>
    </nav>

    <div class="container" style="margin-top: 50px;">

      <div class="starter-template">

        {% block content %}{% endblock %}

      </div>

    </div><!-- /.container -->

    <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

在mysite/polls目录下新建static/polls/style.css文件

li a {
    color: blue;
}
body {
    background: white url("images/background.jpg") no-repeat;
}

在mysite/polls目录下新建images文件夹，放置图片文件。

新建index.html

{% extends "polls\base.html" %}

{% block title %}Polls{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
{% load static %}

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{% static 'polls/style.css' %}" />

{% if latest_question_list %}
    <ul>
    {% for question in latest_question_list %}
        <li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
    {% endfor %}
    </ul>
{% else %}
    <p>No polls are available.</p>
{% endif %}
{% endblock %}

新建detail.html

{% extends "polls\base.html" %}

{% block title %}Polls{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>

{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}

<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />
    <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br/>
    {% endfor %}
    <input type="submit" value="Vote" />
</form>
{% endblock %}

新建results.html

{% extends "polls\base.html" %}

{% block title %}Polls{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>

<ul>
    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes | pluralize }}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>

<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>
{% endblock %}

6. 编辑视图

编辑mysite/polls/view.py文件

from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.urls import reverse
from django.views import generic
from .models import Question, Choice
from django.utils import timezone


# Create your views here.
class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = 'polls/index.html'
    context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'

    def get_queryset(self):
        return Question.objects.filter(
         pub_date__lte=timezone.now()
        ).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]


class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/detail.html'

    def get_queryset(self):
        return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())


class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/results.html'


def vote(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    try:
        selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
        return render(request, 'polls/detail.html',{
            'question':question,
            'error_message':"You didn't select a choice.",
        })
    else:
        selected_choice.votes += 1
        selected_choice.save()
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question_id,)))

7. 编辑URL

编辑mysite/urls.py文件

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
]

新建mysite/polls/urls.py文件

from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    path('<int:pk>/results/', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'),
    path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
]

再次启动服务，访问polls应用

8. 测试

编辑mysite/polls/test.py文件

from django.test import TestCase

# Create your tests here.
import datetime
from django.utils import timezone
from django.urls import reverse
from .models import Question


class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):

    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

    def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
        time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
        old_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(old_question.was_published_recently(), False)

    def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
        time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
        recent_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(recent_question.was_published_recently(), True)


def create_question(question_text, days):
    """
    Create a question with the given `question_text` and published the
    given number of `days` offset to now (negative for questions published
    in the past, positive for questions that have yet to be published).
    """
    time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
    return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)


class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_no_questions(self):
        """
        If no questions exist, an appropriate message is displayed.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        Questions with a pub_date in the past are displayed on the
        index page.
        """
        create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            ['<Question: Past question.>']
        )

    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        Questions with a pub_date in the future aren't displayed on
        the index page.
        """
        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
        """
        Even if both past and future questions exist, only past questions
        are displayed.
        """
        create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            ['<Question: Past question.>']
        )

    def test_two_past_questions(self):
        """
        The questions index page may display multiple questions.
        """
        create_question(question_text="Past question 1.", days=-30)
        create_question(question_text="Past question 2.", days=-5)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            ['<Question: Past question 2.>', '<Question: Past question 1.>']
        )


class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
        returns a 404 not found.
        """
        future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
        displays the question's text.
        """
        past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)

执行测试

python manage.py test polls

参考链接

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/rustling/p/9241346.html